. The reaction mixture, which consisted of 80 l of AT stock solution and 15 l of the solution containing the sample, was incubated at 37 for 2 min. Factor Xa (10 l) was added. After incubating 37 for 4 min, 30 l of S-2765 was added. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 405 nm continuously for 10 min. The absorbance values were plotted against the reaction time. The initial reaction rates at varying ULMWH concentrations were converted to an activity percentage based on the initial rate of the reaction without ULMWH. The ratios were plotted against ULMWH concentrations.AcknowledgmentsThis work is supported by NIH grants HL094463 (to JL) and HL096972 (to RJL).AbbreviationsAT CHO DEAE FPLC GlcN GlcA HIT HPLC IdoA LMW heparin MS MW antithrombin III Chinese hamster ovary diethylaminoethyl fast protein liquid chromatography glucosamine glucuronic acid heparin induced thrombocytopenia high performance liquid chromatography iduronic acid low-molecular weight heparin mass spectrometry molecular weightFEBS J. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 May 01.Zhou et al.PageNAN-acetyl N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase N-sulfo 4-nitrocatecholsulfate unfractionated heparin ultra-low molecular weight heparinNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNG6S NS PNCS UF heparin ULMWH
Widespread drinking water disinfection was one of the most significant public health advances of the 20th century. However, chemical disinfection can form disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which are known to exhibit cytotoxicity [1], genotoxicity [2], mutagenicity [3,4], carcinogenicity [5,6] and reproductive and developmental toxicity [7,8]. Population-based epidemiological studies suggest that DBPs are associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer and colon cancer as well as premature birth and stillbirth [9,10]. Given the potential health risks associated with DBPs, many countries have regulated some DBP groups. Over 600 DBPs have been identified to-date [11]. The trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the two major classes of DBPs which are regulated in many countries [12], however studies have indicated that some unregulated DBPs are significantly more cytotoxic and genotoxic than the currently regulated DBPs [11,135]. Iodoform (IF) and iodoacetic acidPLOS ONE | www.plosone.org(IAA) are two recently identified DBPs, belonging to the groups of THMs and HAAs, respectively, but they are not currently regulated in any country. Studies show that iodine-containing DBPs have greater toxicity than their chlorine-containing and bromine-containing analogues [16].Encequidar IF is the most toxic THM and also influences water odor [17], while IAA has the strongest genotoxicity of all the haloacetic acids [16].Mirin Several methods have been developed to determine THM4 and HAA9, but these methods may not be suitable for the simultaneous determination of IF and IAA.PMID:22943596 Because the concentrations of IF and IAA in drinking water are typically very low, in the nanogram per litre range, they cannot be easily detected together with the four regulated THMs (THM4) and nine commonly regulated HAAs (HAA9), which usually are found at higher concentrations in tap waters (micrograms per litre) and are analyzed by methods which are not sensitive enough to detect IF and IAA [180]. The existing sample pre-treatment procedure options are liquidliquid extraction (LLE), liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME), solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase.