S at ten tons into steel ring sample holders. Constant sample preparation plus the highest sample throughput may very well be realized applying completely automated preparation and evaluation setups. For case study II samples had been ready applying a backloading preparation technique. These samples have been milled for ten min in a Cr-steel milling vessel since it was located to become the optimum time for these Heavy Mineral Concentrate (HMC) samples. 2.two. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) X-ray diffraction (XRD) is actually a versatile, nondestructive analytical technique for identification and quantitative determination of crystalline phases -AG 99 supplier present in powdered and bulk samples. Establishing which phases are present within a sample is normally the first step of a complete series of analyses and types the basis of investigations on how much of each phase is present (quantitative phase evaluation). All crystalline components have their very own exclusive, characteristic X-ray fingerprint based on their crystal structure. When diffraction data to get a particular sample are compared against a database of recognized materials, the crystalline phases inside the sample is usually identified. For this study the Crystallography Open Database (COD) was used [4]. Information evaluation was performed together with the application package HighScore Plus version 4.9 [5]. Diffractograms were measured having a Malvern Panalytical Aeris Minerals diffractometer with a PIXcel detector, fixed slits and Fe-filtered Co-K radiation. The instrument was optimized for the rough wants of mineral business environments (remote manage attainable), featuring measurement instances of 50 min per scan. The samples have been measured below space temperature inside a range of ten to 80 2 plus a step size of 0.02 2. Compared with conventional XRD approaches, the capabilities of high-speed XRD detectors enable measurements inside minutes as an alternative to hours. 2.3. Rietveld Quantification The mineral quantification of all samples was determined utilizing the Rietveld method [6]. Modern XRD quantification evaluation approaches which include Rietveld evaluation are attractive options to classical peak intensity or area-based methods since they do not require any requirements or monitors. The Rietveld method delivers impressive accuracy and speed of analysis. The understanding of the exact crystal structure of all minerals present in the samples is mandatory for the Rietveld refinements. An example in the accuracy on the results is given in Section three.two, utilizing a comparison of TiO2 content material recalculated from Rietveld refinement benefits with TiO2 content determined by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF). A excellent indicator of a Rietveld refinement is the weighted profile R-value (Rwp), which can be minimized. The weighting is such that larger intensity data is much more essential than lower intensity data. As a result, fitting the peaks is additional essential than fitting the background. Normally, this worth really should be significantly less than 10, [8]. Amounts below 0.five w , may well, having said that, be unreliable. The advantage of using Rietveld evaluation more than automated quantitative scanning Phenol Red sodium salt Dye Reagents electron microscope analysis for the evaluation of HMC samples, such as speed of evaluation, sample size, and expense effectiveness, is demonstrated in [2]. 2.4. Cluster Analysis To deal with massive amounts of data achieved by rapid information collection using a linear detector, “cluster analysis” is a helpful tool to group distinct XRD measurements into equivalent clusters, [9,10]. The approach is usually used to sort distinctive ore grades with differentMinerals 2021, 11, x4 ofMinerals 2021, 11,four ofc.