Of archaea in alkaline hot spring ecosystem stability may be essential at temperatures above the upper limit for photosynthesis, which can be established at around 735 [75], KRH-3955 Technical Information provided their capability to execute chemolithotrophic carbon fixation [76]. five. Conclusions Culturebased, metabarcoding, and network analyses provided a clear image from the fungal and bacterial diversity, community structure, and interactions inside the unexplored extreme atmosphere in the Julong geothermal springs along the active Tianchi Volcano. Common photosynthetic, thermophilic, alkalophilic, antimicrobialactive, andBiology 2021, ten,20 ofsulfide and metaloxidizing taxonomic groups have been identified to characterize the exclusive and peculiar analyzed microbial neighborhood. The important variation in microbial diversity observed in the two studied hot spring systems can be partly explained by the influence of pH, even though further studies could be required to disentangle the impact of various environmental elements affecting the microorganism community structure within the studied habitat. Our final results indicated that mutualistic interactions may play an crucial part in shaping stable microbial networks within the studied hot springs. The significantly much more difficult bacterial than fungal network described in our study may perhaps suggest that the extra flexible trophic approaches of bacteria are useful for their survival and fitness beneath extreme circumstances. The a variety of extremophile microbial UCL 1684 dibromide Autophagy strains isolated from our study may perhaps represent a valuable source for the isolation of new bioactive compounds, which absolutely deserve further research to become explored.Supplementary Materials: The following are out there on line at www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biology10090894/s1, Figure S1: Rarefaction curves of fungal and bacterial OTUs from all samples (A,C), and from two ponds (B,D). Table S1: Fungal and bacterial diversity molecularly detected in sediments and water of Julong hot springs, from DNA extracted from isolated microbes. Table S2: An overview of fungal strains isolated from Julong hot spring sediments. Table S3: An overview of bacterial strains isolated from Julong hot spring sediments. Table S4: An overview of fungal strains isolated from Julong hot spring water. Table S5: An overview of bacterial strains isolated from Julong hot spring water. Table S6: OTU richness and Shannon index of sediment fungal and bacterial communities from the two analyzed ponds of Julong hot springs. Table S7: Network topological properties of fungal and bacterial communities in two ponds of Julong hot springs. Author Contributions: X.W. and L.P. conceived the study; samples have been collected by X.W. and L.P.; the experiment was made and supervised by L.P.; laboratory experiments and analysis had been performed by X.W.; benefits were analyzed by X.W. and L.P.; X.W. ready the original draft even though L.P. critically revised the manuscript. Both authors have study and agreed towards the final version of the manuscript. Funding: This analysis received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Information Availability Statement: The fungal and bacterial DNA sequences amplified through this study are accessible at GenBank beneath accessions MZ506672 Z506735 (fungi) and MZ497295MZ497315 (bacteria), and in the Sequences Study Archive of NCBI as BioProject ID PRJNA744339. Acknowledgments: We are grateful to the employees of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve for the assistance duri.