Urface with dot patterns, as shown in the bottom in the picture.Brain locations are shown that responded in the course of tactile or optic flow perception in sighted subjects and throughout tactile flow perception in blind subjects.The tactilevisual overlap map shows the places activated by each tactile and optic flow perception (shown in yellow), as well as the locations activated only by tactile (red) and optic (green) perception (modified from Pietrini et al Ricciardi et al).www.frontiersin.orgFebruary Volume Write-up Kupers et al.Blindness and consciousness,).Of note, congenitally blind individuals showed categoryspecific neural response patterns inside the ventral temporal extrastriate cortex throughout the identical tactile object recognition task that were equivalent to these measured in sighted controls (Figure B).Our findings expand final results from other laboratories that in sighted individuals visual and tactile object perception activate the dorsal part of the lateral occipital cortex (LOC proper; Amedi et al , James et al) by showing a crossmodal correlation of response patterns between the two sensory modalities.Also, our results in congenitally blind individuals clearly indicate that visual imagery can’t account for the visual cortex activation through the tactile process (James et al Sathian and Zangaladze, Matteau et al).Indeed, while it has been shown that seeing an object or recalling the image of that object through visual imagery results in comparable neural responses in the brain (Ishai et al O’Craven and Kanwisher, Ishai,), visually primarily based imagery is by definition absent in congenitally blind or early blind subjects with no recollection of visual expertise (though congenitally blind subjects do have imagery! See review by Cattaneo et al).The findings within the congenitally blind subjects are essential also NB001 Cancer because they indicate that the development of topographically organized, categoryrelated representations within the extrastriate visual cortex does not require visual practical experience.Practical experience with objects acquired via other sensory modalities seems to become adequate to help the development of those patterns.Thus, at the very least to some extent, the visual cortex does not require vision to develop its functional architecture that makes it feasible to obtain information on the external planet.style Additionally, which is the effect of visual knowledge around the improvement from the functional architecture in motion responsive cortical regions To investigate these inquiries, we compared brain responses in sighted and congenitally or early blind folks through passive perception of visual andor tactile motion (Ricciardi et al).Perception of dynamic stimuli within the visual and tactile sensory modalities shares basic psychophysical principles which can be explained by similar computational models.Each optic and tactile motion give details about object type, position, orientation, consistency and movement, and also concerning the position and movement from the self in the environment (Bicchi et al ).In sighted subjects, visual motion perception induced activation inside the human middle temporal (hMT) complex in the posterior inferior temporal cortex bilaterally, PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542721 as expected on the basis of prior studies (Watson et al Ptito et al a).In contrast, tactile motion perception activated the anterior portion but deactivated a a lot more posterior a part of the hMT complicated (Figure C).In blind subjects, tactile motion activated not merely the anterior portion but also the additional posterior.